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- oë WORLD, Page 47Beware the Dunce Caps
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- Will the Cultural Revolution repeat itself?
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- To Liu Anyi and his wife Li Lanting, the street scenes in
- Beijing last week seemed eerily reminiscent of another spasm of
- unrest that began to rock China 23 years ago. Then, as now,
- students marched in the streets by the hundreds of thousands,
- waving red flags and chanting slogans defying an entrenched
- political establishment. Destination: Tiananmen Square. Then,
- as now, the demonstrators vilified aging national leaders --
- including, as he must have recalled bitterly last week, Deng
- Xiaoping, then Communist Party General Secretary, who at one
- point was paraded around Beijing wearing a dunce cap.
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- The students of 1966 were the Red Guards, and for nearly a
- decade their movement convulsed the country in chaos, violence
- and dictatorial excess. Millions of Chinese, including nearly
- everyone who enjoyed a privileged status, were sent to
- "re-education camps" in the countryside, where they underwent
- humiliating rituals of "self-criticism." Political leaders who
- had been trying to modernize China's economy were branded
- "capitalist roaders" and in many cases were read out of the
- party and power. In the name of glorifying the "masses" and
- "bombarding the bourgeois headquarters," libraries were
- ransacked, factories and schools closed, and the country turned
- completely inward, virtually shutting off a billion people from
- the rest of the world.
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- Liu Anyi, then a senior manager in the Ministry of
- Petroleum, found himself a target because he had worked on
- Taiwan prior to choosing to return to the mainland shortly
- before the Communist takeover in 1949. "The Red Guards branded
- me as a big capitalist and an undercover (Taiwan) spy," Liu, 71,
- recalls with a wry smile. "They kept me in solitary confinement
- for over a year and later organized a pictorial exhibit of my
- crimes." These included photos of various articles of
- Western-style dress belonging to Liu and his wife that Red
- Guards had found in the course of ransacking their apartment.
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- Is Liu afraid that the current unrest may lead to a second
- Cultural Revolution? No, mostly because the first explosion was
- inspired and directed by the country's leader, Mao Zedong.
- "Today's protest is a genuine student movement, spontaneous, yet
- well disciplined," he says. "We do not feel threatened." In
- fact, Liu's son and daughter-in-law have gone to Tiananmen
- Square to show their solidarity with the protesters.
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- But it was with great reluctance that the Lius allowed
- their granddaughter to visit the square. "I fear that a single
- incident could set off a mass panic," says Liu. Liu also
- concedes that this innocent movement could deteriorate into a
- government backlash that might not carry the widespread
- vindictiveness of the Cultural Revolution but that nonetheless
- would result in a shake-up at the top.
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- Furthermore, despite the uncertainty as to where the
- student demonstrations may lead, there is no evidence that the
- movement is running amuck. Yang Ting (not his real name), a
- 20-year-old Red Guard in 1966 and now an interpreter, recalls
- with a shudder the killing and widespread looting during those
- years. "From the very outset this time, the movement was well
- organized and the students did not harbor any intention to tear
- apart the Communist Party." Another positive sign, he says, is
- that the "students' demands conformed with the wishes and will
- of the broad masses, especially the calls for a crackdown on
- corrupt officials."
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- Liu Binyan, a former top journalist on the official
- People's Daily now attending Harvard University as a Nieman
- Scholar (and no kin to Liu Anyi), notes that not all the
- similarities between the Cultural Revolution and this year's
- protests are superficial. "The two major causes of both events
- -- official corruption and the contradictions in ideology among
- the leaders -- are quite similar," he says. Liu speaks as
- another of the Cultural Revolution's victims: as an "unrepentant
- rightist," he was among the first group of 15 intellectuals
- purged at Mao's order. Readmitted to the party in 1979, he was
- kicked out again in 1987 for the alleged sin of supporting
- bourgeois liberalization and today is one of the country's most
- prominent dissidents. "Mao was right in attacking the privileged
- party leaders and the emerging new bureaucratic class," he says.
- "His mistake was in pushing the mass campaign without changing
- the political system."
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- Most of the youths who participated in last week's
- demonstrations are too young to remember the beginnings of the
- Cultural Revolution. According to Liu Binyan, however, graduate
- students and university lecturers who lived through the turmoil
- of those years may have played an important role by giving
- their advice and support to the student movement. For them, says
- Liu, the Cultural Revolution serves partly as an inspiration for
- today's protest -- but also partly as a cautionary tale. "People
- learned a great lesson from the Cultural Revolution. They can
- no longer follow a leader blindly."
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